This demo shows the life cycle emissions of PV plant, battery installation and HVDC cable in gCO2e per kWh of electric energy delivered to Singapore.
The calculations are based on the publication Life Cycle Climate Change Impact of a Cost-optimal HVDC Connection to Import Solar Energy from Australia to Singapore.
Use the controls below the chart to adjust the length of the HVDC cable, number of full load hours of the PV system and the power generation mix used to manufacture the PV and battery system.